A PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE HOLOCAUST

Jewish Star of David patch with the word Jude (Jew) in the middle, one of the distinctive signs decreed by the Nazis that the Jews had to wear in countries under their domination. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.) in the middle, one of the distinctive signs decreed by the Nazis that the Jews had to wear in countries under their domination. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Jewish Star of David patch with the word "Jude" (Jew) in the middle, one of the distinctive signs decreed by the Nazis that the Jews had to wear in countries under their domination. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     SA guards at the entrance to a Jewish store on Boycott Day, Sunday, April 1, 1933, part of the financial pressure and discrimination against German Jews. The sign reads, Germans beware\! Do not buy from Jews. SA guards at the entrance to a Jewish store on "Boycott Day," Sunday, April 1, 1933, part of the financial pressure and discrimination against German Jews. The sign reads, "Germans beware\! Do not buy from Jews." Offices of Jewish doctors, lawyers, and engineers were also picketed on that day. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   The word Jude and the Star of David on the window of a Jewish store, warning German customers not to patronize it, a common sight in Germany in the first months of 1933. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") The word "Jude" and the Star of David on the window of a Jewish store, warning German customers not to patronize it, a common sight in Germany in the first months of 1933. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     A pre-war glimpse: Jewish residents of Lodz, Poland, Hela and Mordechai Hammer, walking on Piotrkonska ulitze, Lodz, Poland, 1934. (By Courtesy of Eta Grycman and Daniel Hammer.)") A pre-war glimpse: Jewish residents of Lodz, Poland, Hela and Mordechai Hammer, walking on Piotrkonska ulitze, Lodz, Poland, 1934. (By Courtesy of Eta Grycman and Daniel Hammer.)   Before the storm: Two sisters, Guta and Hela Berliner, taking a stroll on the Sabbath in Lodz, Poland, 1939. (By Courtesy of Rachel Gilon.)") Before the storm: Two sisters, Guta and Hela Berliner, taking a stroll on the Sabbath in Lodz, Poland, 1939. (By Courtesy of Rachel Gilon.)   A 1936 class photo in a private Jewish girls high school, Lodz, Poland. Only four in the photograph survived the Holocaust, including Estera Rajzla Hammer (front row, right). (By Courtesy of Eta Grycman and Daniel Hammer.). (By Courtesy of Eta Grycman and Daniel Hammer.)") A 1936 class photo in a private Jewish girls high school, Lodz, Poland. Only four in the photograph survived the Holocaust, including Estera Rajzla Hammer (front row, right). (By Courtesy of Eta Grycman and Daniel Hammer.)     Kristallnacht (Nov. 910, 1938): Burning of Boerneplatz Synagogue in Frankfurt, Germany, on Nov.: Burning of Boerneplatz Synagogue in Frankfurt, Germany, on Nov.") Kristallnacht (Nov. 9–10, 1938): Burning of Boerneplatz Synagogue in Frankfurt, Germany, on Nov. 10, one of 191 synagogues (according to Nazi provisional estimates, no complete tally exists) burned during this anti-Jewish outrage, which also saw another 76 synagogues demolished, 815 shops destroyed, 29 warehouses and 171 dwellings set on fire or destroyed. Thirty-six Jews were killed and scores wounded. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     A woman vendor selling Star of David armbands in the Warsaw ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") A woman vendor selling Star of David armbands in the Warsaw ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Humiliation and degradation: SS men amusing themselves by cutting off the beard of a Jew in Plock, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Humiliation and degradation: SS men amusing themselves by cutting off the beard of a Jew in Plock, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     A jeering crowd watches as Dr. Hauser, one of the leaders of the Baden-Baden community, is kicked, beaten and spat on as he is pushed up the steps of the synagogue. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") A jeering crowd watches as Dr. Hauser, one of the leaders of the Baden-Baden community, is kicked, beaten and spat on as he is pushed up the steps of the synagogue. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     A wooden bridge over an Aryan street connecting two sections of the Lodz ghetto, Poland, 1940. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") A wooden bridge over an "Aryan" street connecting two sections of the Lodz ghetto, Poland, 1940. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Typical scene from the Warsaw ghetto, Poland, 19401941. The ghetto existed from Oct. 1940 until its total liquidation in May 1943 after the April uprising. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Typical scene from the Warsaw ghetto, Poland, 1940–1941. The ghetto existed from Oct. 1940 until its total liquidation in May 1943 after the April uprising. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Young worshiper in a Warsaw ghetto synagogue, Poland. Such synagogues also served as living quarters for refugees. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Young worshiper in a Warsaw ghetto synagogue, Poland. Such synagogues also served as living quarters for refugees. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Children being taught the geography of Palestine in the Lodz ghetto, Poland. Children being taught the geography of Palestine in the Lodz ghetto, Poland. Part of spiritual resistance, education − usually preparation for the future when there was no hope for the future − serves as a prime example of the Jewish populace's striving to maintain the spark of humanity in general and the special Jewish image in particular. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Childrens choir in the Warsaw ghetto, Poland, one of the many cultural activities organized by the community. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Children's choir in the Warsaw ghetto, Poland, one of the many cultural activities organized by the community. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Children in the Lodz ghetto, Poland, entering a soup kitchen organized by Jewish welfare and health services. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Children in the Lodz ghetto, Poland, entering a soup kitchen organized by Jewish welfare and health services. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   A daily ration of bread being delivered by hand-drawn cart to the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") A daily ration of bread being delivered by hand-drawn cart to the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Dejected adults eat food from a soup kitchen in the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Dejected adults eat food from a soup kitchen in the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Book sellers parting with a rich past to support a meager present sell books in the Warsaw ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Book sellers − parting with a rich past to support a meager present − sell books in the Warsaw ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Entrance to a theater in the Warsaw ghetto, Poland. Theatrical performances were some of the cultural activities organized in the ghettos. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Entrance to a theater in the Warsaw ghetto, Poland. Theatrical performances were some of the cultural activities organized in the ghettos. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Lighting Hanukkah candles at Westerbork, the main transit camp for Dutch Jewry during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, through which more than 100,000 Jews passed from 1942 to the wars end. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Lighting Hanukkah candles at Westerbork, the main transit camp for Dutch Jewry during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, through which more than 100,000 Jews passed from 1942 to the war's end. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Kindergarten in the Theresienstadt ghetto, Czechoslovakia, which functioned from 1941 to 1945 and was used by the Nazis as a showcase ghetto to fool the world. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Kindergarten in the Theresienstadt ghetto, Czechoslovakia, which functioned from 1941 to 1945 and was used by the Nazis as a showcase ghetto to fool the world. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Soldiers of the Wehrmacht executing civilians, Lithuania, 1941. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Soldiers of the Wehrmacht executing civilians, Lithuania, 1941. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Hanging of two Jewish partisans in Minsk, Oct. 1941. On the left: 17-year-old Masha Bruskina. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Hanging of two Jewish partisans in Minsk, Oct. 1941. On the left: 17-year-old Masha Bruskina. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Vinnitsa, Ukraine: the last Jew alive being shot. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Vinnitsa, Ukraine: the last Jew alive being shot. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Orderly deportation of Jewish children from the Lodz ghetto, Poland. Note the Jewish badge on the childrens backs. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Orderly deportation of Jewish children from the Lodz ghetto, Poland. Note the Jewish badge on the children's backs. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Deportation of Jews from the Lodz ghetto, Poland, 1942. Jewish policemen were ordered to supervise the deportations. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Deportation of Jews from the Lodz ghetto, Poland, 1942. Jewish policemen were ordered to supervise the deportations. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Jewish child dying alone on the sidewalk of the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Jewish child dying alone on the sidewalk of the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Deportees bidding farewell to those left behind in the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Deportees bidding farewell to those left behind in the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Deportation of women and children from the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Deportation of women and children from the Lodz ghetto, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Slovakian Jews boarding trains bound for the death camps of the Lublin area of Poland and Auschwitz, March-Oct 1942. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Slovakian Jews boarding trains bound for the death camps of the Lublin area of Poland and Auschwitz, March-Oct 1942. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Women in cattle cars peering through barbed wire en route to the death camps. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Women in cattle cars peering through barbed wire en route to the death camps. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Warsaw ghetto, Poland, going up in flames, April-May 1943. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Warsaw ghetto, Poland, going up in flames, April-May 1943. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     The last journey for a weary mother and her children, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") The last journey for a weary mother and her children, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   The rail lines entering Birkenau (Auschwitz II), established Oct. 1941. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.), established Oct. 1941. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") The rail lines entering Birkenau (Auschwitz II), established Oct. 1941. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Women and children before Selektion, separation of incoming victims to concentration camps into two categories those destined for immediate killing and those to be sent for forced labor in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland. Women and children before Selektion, separation of incoming victims to concentration camps into two categories — those destined for immediate killing and those to be sent for forced labor — in Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   The process of Selektion begins for Hungarian Jews who have reached Auschwitz, Poland, 1944. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") The process of Selektion begins for Hungarian Jews who have reached Auschwitz, Poland, 1944. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     A prisoner commits suicide by running into the electrifide barbed-wire fence. (Henning Langenheim Berlinphoto courtesy of Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority, Jerusalem.)") A prisoner commits suicide by running into the electrifide barbed-wire fence. (Henning Langenheim Berlin/photo courtesy of Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs\` and Heroes\` Remembrance Authority, Jerusalem.)     Gas chamber in Majdanek, Poland, used in 194243. (Photo: Geoffrey Wigoder.)") Gas chamber in Majdanek, Poland, used in 1942–43. (Photo: Geoffrey Wigoder.)   A crematorium in Majdanek, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") A crematorium in Majdanek, Poland. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Jewish slave laborers digging their own graves in Chelmno. The camp operated from 1941 to 1945; there were only two Jewish survivors. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Jewish slave laborers digging their own graves in Chelmno. The camp operated from 1941 to 1945; there were only two Jewish survivors. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Containers of Zyklon B, the poison gas used in the gas chambers. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Containers of Zyklon B, the poison gas used in the gas chambers. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     General Dwight D. Eisenhower (center) viewing human remains at the Ohdruf concentration camp in Germany. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.) viewing human remains at the Ohdruf concentration camp in Germany. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") General Dwight D. Eisenhower (center) viewing human remains at the Ohdruf concentration camp in Germany. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Female SS guards forced to bury the bodies of prisoners after liberation of the Bergen-Belsen camp by the British in April, 1945. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Female SS guards forced to bury the bodies of prisoners after liberation of the Bergen-Belsen camp by the British in April, 1945. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)   Bergen-Belsen camp shortly after liberation in 1945. British troops encountered more than 10,000 corpses and around 58,000 surviving inmates. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Bergen-Belsen camp shortly after liberation in 1945. British troops encountered more than 10,000 corpses and around 58,000 surviving inmates. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Child survivors of Auschwitz on the day of liberation in Jan. 1945, photographed by Soviet soldiers who liberated the camp. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Child survivors of Auschwitz on the day of liberation in Jan. 1945, photographed by Soviet soldiers who liberated the camp. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)     Wobbelin concentration camp, Germany, after liberation by American troops. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)") Wobbelin concentration camp, Germany, after liberation by American troops. (By Courtesy of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem.)